Hardness is a mechanical property that describes how much a material resists deformation, compression, scratching, or wear against an external force. Hardness is considered a basic and important property in engineering and materials science, because it directly indicates how durable and reliable a material is. The industrial use of a material is determined by its … Read more
When a solid object (such as an iron rod or a metal plate) is gradually subjected to force, it either stretches or deforms slightly. The amount of this strain or deformation depends on the amount of force applied. The graph that explains this entire behavior is called Stress and Strain Curve. This curve fully reflects … Read more
Modern engineering often requires materials that can withstand extreme temperatures, friction, and chemical attack. Ordinary metals or polymers are unable to function in such environments, they would either melt or break down. The solution to this problem is Ceramic Matrix Composites (CMC). These composites are made in such a way that they contain ceramic material … Read more
In today’s world of engineering and manufacturing, the demand for lightweight, strong, and durable materials has increased significantly. Whether it’s airplanes, automobiles, or sports equipment, materials that are lightweight yet strong are needed everywhere. Polymer Matrix Composites (PMC) fulfill this need. These include a polymer (a plastic-like substance) as a matrix and fibers or particles … Read more
Metal Matrix Composites (MMC) – Definition, Types, Advantages and Applications In the world of modern engineering, the use of composite materials is increasing everywhere because they are stronger, lighter and more durable than traditional metals. If metal is used as the matrix, then such a composite is called Metal Matrix Composite (MMC). MMC are increasingly … Read more
If you’re familiar with composite materials, you’ve likely heard the term “matrix material.” Composite materials are made from two or more different materials combined to form a new material that is stronger, lighter, and durable. The matrix material acts as the base framework for a composite. It holds the reinforcement in place and protects the … Read more
We encounter heat and temperature in everyday life. Whether it’s a metal plate placed in the sun that heats up quickly, or a wooden table that doesn’t, the difference in their behavior is due to their thermal properties. Every material behaves differently with heat; some heat up quickly and radiate heat (such as copper, aluminum), … Read more
When we talk about a material, it has several physical properties, such as strength, density, thermal properties, and electrical properties. Of these, electrical properties are those properties that describe how and to what extent a material can conduct electricity. Not every material conducts electricity the same way. Some materials are good conductors of electricity, such … Read more
All the solids around us, such as metals, stones, salt, sugar, or gems, are made of tiny atoms. But the difference lies in how these atoms are arranged. This arrangement determines a substance’s strength, color, electrical conductivity, and other physical properties. When atoms are arranged in a very regular and repeating pattern, it is called … Read more
Crystals are solids in which atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in a regular and repetitive pattern. In crystallography, these arrangements are divided into seven major systems: Cubic, Tetragonal, Orthorhombic, Hexagonal, Rhombohedral, Monoclinic, and Triclinic. Of these, the cubic crystal system is the simplest, most symmetrical, and most common. The hallmark of this system is … Read more